Language

Pages in this section

  • Bitwise operations in python
    Last edited: 2026-01-28

    # Bitwise operations

    Bitwise operations can apply to the binary data type but also integers .

    Representation of integers in Python Index

    In Python integers are signed and stored using Two’s complement .

  • Declarative Language
    Last edited: 2023-11-11

    This is a language that specifies the desired end state. So it is the picture on the front of the Ikea manual rather than the instruction manual!

    Examples

    Thoughts A good User Interface (UI) should be declarative with the system behind the scenes doing the leg work to get to that state. This paradigm is being applied more and more within DevOps for example Kubernetes and Terraform both you specify the end state and the program sorts altering the current state to match this.

  • Imperative Programming
    Last edited: 2023-11-11

    In this paradigm the language specifies a series of instructions to potentially get to an end state (cough Holting Problem cough). Lots of peoples first programs are imperative.

    letters = ["a","B","C","d"]
output = []

for letter in letters:
	if letter.lower() == letter:
		output.append(letter)

print(output) # ["a", "b"]

    Here you provide the machine exact steps to what has to be done to produce the output.

    There is a sub category of this called Procedural Programming that uses this with functions .

  • Markdown
    Last edited: 2023-11-11

    This is a Markup Language that is widely used, for example it is used in GitHub README pages and Obsidian notes. It has a fairly basic syntax, that I am going to have great fun describing in a Markdown file.

    Syntax I am sure there is more, but this is what I have found useful so far!

  • Markup Language
    Last edited: 2023-11-11

    A Markup Language is text-encoding system that tells the computer how to display some text. There are 3 main categories

    • Presentational markup - ironically the least well presented of all of them. Essentially binary code that is interpreted for programs such as Word.
    • Procedural markup - This uses tags within the language to define how it should be rendered. Such as Markdown and Tex .
    • Descriptive markup - (Sometimes called semantic) This defines how to label sections of the text. Such as Latex and HTML .

    Difference from a Programming Language